Umarqulova Mahliyo Bakhtiyar kizi1
Abstract: The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the division of the color spectrum in English and Uzbek in connection with the specifics of the linguoculturological structure of the languages. Theoretical and methodological aspects of studying the “color picture of the world” are outlined.
Key words: comparative linguistics, English, Russian, Uzbek languages, lexical semantics, linguistic picture of the world, color vocabulary.
Color vocabulary is one of the most important components of language pictures of the world, therefore it is natural that the “color” division of the world is carried out differently in each language. “In comparative studies of color vocabulary, special attention is paid to determining the role of color terms in the formation of a linguistic picture of the world, conceptualization and the place of color vocabulary in the processes of cognition” [2. S. 5].
In modern linguistics, the concept of linguistics of color and the color picture of the world are even singled out. However, the selection of color linguistics as an independent direction raises certain doubts, since the analysis of color vocabulary in different languages is only part of the study of language pictures of the world. Therefore, the terms “linguistics of color” and “color picture of the world” are used by us in quotation marks, as a short designation of the general direction of research and the designation of a part of the integral components of language pictures of the world. At present, coloristic vocabulary can be considered well studied in relation to European languages, in which national coloristic triads are identified, the work of many writers is analyzed in the “color” aspect, and studies of color terms in the gender aspect have begun.
In relation to the Turkic languages, the color vocabulary has been studied in less detail, and the comparison of this group of vocabulary in the languages selected for analysis has not been carried out, so the topic of this article seems to be relevant. One of the essential aspects of the specificity of the “color picture of the world” of the English, Russian and Uzbek languages is not only the different division of the color spectrum, but also the specificity of the morphological form and organization of the polysemy of adjectives-color designations.
The study of color vocabulary in fact has always been one of the aspects of the study of language pictures of the world even before the appearance of this term and the corresponding direction, as evidenced primarily by the works of L. Elmslev, G. Gleason, B. Whorf. According to L. Elmslev, “a paradigm in one language and a corresponding paradigm in another language cover the same zone of material, which, being abstracted from these languages is an undivided amorphous continuum on which the boundaries of the formative action of languages have been laid. Beyond the paradigms established in different languages, we can, by subtracting differences, find such an amorphous continuum – a color spectrum in which each language arbitrarily sets its own boundaries.
In our opinion, L. Elmslev is wrong in that he considers the color spectrum to be an amorphous continuum, while it is ordered by the color wavelength factor. It is also incorrect to consider the process of color nomination to be completely arbitrary, since it reflects the historical development of certain groups of languages. However, the different division of the color spectrum in different languages as a result of this development is beyond doubt, and it was Hjelmslev who was one of the first (and quite convincingly) to pay attention to this fact: “Although the formations in this zone of material are mostly approximately the same in the most common European languages, we do not have to go far to find inconsistencies in them.
In Welsh English green would correspond to glas; blue “blue” – glas; gray “gray” – gras; brown “brown”. That is to say, the part of the spectrum occupied by English green is cut in Welsh by a line that relates part of it to the area in which the English word blue will find itself, while the English border between green and blue is not peculiar to Welsh. On the other hand, the area occupied by English gray intersects in Welsh in such a way that half of it belongs to the area of English blue, and half to the area of English brown … “[1. P. 311]. It is significant that L. Elmslev considers not only the specifics of the division of the color spectrum in different languages. For him, this is only a special case of the specifics of the “inner form”, although Hjelmslev does not explicitly correlate his concept with Humboldt’s concept either. In the English language, the notation of which is largely determined by the Latin language, the lexeme blue is a syncretic designation of blue and blue, however, through the analytical constructions characteristic of the English language, the variety of shades of this color gamut is conveyed.
1 Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Faculty of Foreign Languages, teacher of the department of the practical course of English
Color evokes various feelings in a person: excitement, peace, indifference, indignation and joy, a feeling of cold or heat, which affects the physiology and psyche. Perhaps due to the emotional impact of color, a person endowed it with a certain symbolic meaning.
A light shade of blue is added to the existing ones – blue. Its appearance was due to a number of cultural and historical factors. The thing is that blue has long retained a mostly negative connotation. First of all, blue was associated with water, which, in turn, was considered in antiquity to be a place where evil forces hostile to man lurk. Since ancient times, water has been perceived as an element associated with death and the afterlife. It is no coincidence that one of the central rites in Christianity is baptism with water, symbolizing death and resurrection in the true faith. The words denoting a light blue hue, and, accordingly, the word blue, had a positive coloring. And so, the main meanings of color in English: The oldest symbolic meanings of white are mostly positive: good, joy, purity, innocence, honesty: “white hot” – impressive, exciting; “to mark with a white stone” – mark any day as especially happy; “white hope” – a promising person; “white lie” – a lie for the good; “white-haired / white-headed boy” – pet; “to be whiter than white” – to be extremely honest, moral; “lily-white reputation” – spotless reputation; “white hands” – honesty, purity, innocence; “white light” – in objective lighting.
But white also has negative meanings: illness, fear, fear, loneliness, excitement: “to be / look white as sheet (ghost, death)”
– to turn very pale (usually from fear or excitement); “to be white-hot” – to be furious, brought to a white heat; “white- knuckle” – an event or journey that causes great excitement because of its danger. This color can also mean cowardice: “white feather / liver” – a coward.
The blue color is associated with royalty and nobility of origin: “blue blood” – representatives of the royal family, people of very high birth, “blue book” – an official British government document on a specific topic; a list of government officials in the United States, “Dark Blue and Light Blue” – Oxford and Cambridge teams, with something top-notch: “blue ribbon (reband)” (English / Amer) – the main prize.
This color can at the same time mean something offensive, wrong, rude: “blue jokes” – fat jokes, “blue movie” – a film with sex scenes, “blue-sky ideas” – blue dreams; insignificant, impractical projects, “to turn the air blue” – use a lot of rude and abusive words in a state of rage, “to talk a blue streak” – talk a lot without stopping, “to scream/shout blue murder” – scream wildly. Red color is associated in the minds of people with blood, fire, sun, autumn leaves. Ancient myths associated the creation of man with red. The original meaning of red is life, love and marriage, red is a sign of everything that accompanies these phenomena: “Red-blooded” – full-blooded, full of life; sexually active (eng); “Red-hot” – sensual; fiery (amer.); “Red-hot mamma” – a sultry woman (amer.); “red-streak” – a girl, ruddy like an apple.
The adjective “black” means “black”, “secret”, “evil”, “illegal”: “black dog” – green melancholy, bad mood, despondency; “black and blue” – bruised; “black eye” – a) a black eye; b) unfold shame, shame; “black as sin” (thunder, thundercloud) – darker than clouds; “black as hell” (night, pitch, myhat) – pitch darkness.
It seems relevant to study the reflection of coloristic vocabulary in emotive aspects of mental activity in languages of different families and typological characteristics: English (Romance analytical language), Russian (Slavic inflectional language), Uzbek (Turkic agglutinative language). The combination of two fundamental themes – coloristic and emotive vocabulary – is typical for psycholinguistics, different areas of active grammar and gender linguistics.
The study of the coloristic components of LCM and gender linguistics have a number of points of contact, in particular, in the field of associative experiments. The orientation of the linguistic description to contrasting language categories, the specifics of the organization of semantic fields, the analysis of emotional “feelings” or reactions, is very important not only in the theoretical, but also in the practical aspect associated with teaching languages, compiling dictionaries, studying the history of peoples.
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